Ophthalmology and Vision Science

Corneal Transplantation and Regenerative Approaches

Corneal transplantation is a critical intervention for patients with corneal opacities, scarring, or dystrophies that result in significant vision loss. Techniques include penetrating keratoplasty, lamellar keratoplasty, and endothelial keratoplasty, each tailored to the specific layer affected. Advanced imaging, such as anterior segment optical coherence tomography, enables precise preoperative assessment and postoperative monitoring. Challenges include graft rejection, post-surgical infections, and long-term survival of the transplant. Emerging regenerative approaches, including stem cell therapy, tissue-engineered corneal substitutes, and bioengineered scaffolds, aim to restore corneal transparency and function without the need for donor tissue. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery is being explored to optimize postoperative healing and reduce complications. Artificial intelligence is assisting in predicting graft outcomes and personalizing patient care. Regulatory oversight ensures that corneal implants, surgical devices, and regenerative therapies meet strict safety and efficacy standards. Trends focus on minimally invasive procedures, patient-specific regenerative solutions, integration of telemedicine for follow-up care, and global collaboration to improve accessibility. By combining clinical expertise, advanced technology, and rigorous regulatory compliance, corneal transplantation and regenerative therapies continue to enhance visual outcomes and quality of life for patients worldwide.